As their names imply, the honeyguide bird and the honey badger both share an affinity for honey. Honeyguide birds specialize in finding beehives but struggle to access the honey within. Honey badgers are well-equipped to raid beehives but cannot always find them. However, these two honey-loving species have learned to collaborate on an effective means to meet their objectives. The honeyguide bird guides honey badgers to newly discovered hives. Once the honey badger has ransacked the hive, the honey guide bird safely enters to enjoy the leftover honey. 

Unit 11 Discussion Medications for Pain Management. 800w. 4 references. Due 11-01-23

1. Why are many parties, including the U.S. Government, concerned about the use of opioids for pain management?

2. Provide input on the following article “America’s opioid crisis: the need for an integrated public health approach” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7286889/

3. Which mental health disorders are commonly associated with patients who also need pain relief? ——–I believe this is depression and anxiety.
https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/pain-anxiety-and-depression. https://www.healthcentral.com/pain-management/chronic-pain-and-mental-health

4. What is an MME and how is it calculated?

Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with in-text citations and corresponding references in APA format.

Please review the rubric to ensure that your response meets the criteria.

Medications for Pain Management Pain relievers in the opioid class work by binding to specific cells known as opioid receptors in the brain and nervous system. Opioid drugs dull pain perception and heighten pleasure when they bind to opioid receptors within brain cells, activated when the blood reaches the brain. That which makes opiate painkillers so effective also makes them potentially harmful. Many organizations are concerned about opioids because while at lesser dosages, they may make patients sleepy (Townsend et al., 2021). In more significant quantities, they can cause breathing and heart rate slowdowns, resulting in death. Additionally, the pleasurable effects of opioids might make the patients crave more of them, which can be a dangerous spiral into addiction. By taking medications as prescribed, patients can lessen the likelihood of experiencing adverse effects. Patients should inform their healthcare providers of all their drugs and supplements (Mark & Paris, 2019). Significant evidence also links chronic pain to mental health issues and substance dependence. However, the exact nature of the connection, particularly in terms of causation, is sometimes unclear. According to Slawek et al. (2022), pain can increase mental health difficulties such as anxiety, difficulty sleeping, depression, and panic disorders, while stress and depression can make chronic pain severe. Pain can also make it more difficult to sleep. Opioid overdose most commonly causes respiratory depression, which can cause severe consequences or even death. When a patient is close to a potentially harmful threshold, medical professionals look at their daily morphine equivalent doses (MED),which is the sum of the MMEs of all opioids they are likely to take within 24 hours. The Morphine Milligram equivalent (MME) value is the relative potency of a dose of opioids compared to morphine (Dasgupta, This study source was downloaded by 100000769192234 from CourseHero.com on 10-22-2023 14:20:45 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/184520553/Unit-11-Discussion-Pain-Managementdocx/ 2 2021). MME aims to aid physicians in making safe and appropriate judgments when considering modifications to existing opiate treatment plans. The MME converts multiple different opiate doses into a uniform number based on the strength of morphine using a universal conversion factor defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Every prescription is given in MME daily according to the CDC conversion factor, dosage, and the number of days' worth of medication. Each opiate dose a patient takes per day is converted to milligrams of morphine using a morphine-based conversion factor, and the daily average rate is then used to determine the MME. This study source was downloaded by 100000769192234 from CourseHero.com on 10-22-2023 14:20:45 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/184520553/Unit-11-Discussion-Pain-Managementdocx/ 3 References Dasgupta, N. (2021). Verbatim MME calculation methods from studies cited in the CDC pain guideline identified from a previous methods review. FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://doi.org/10.17615/95wd-3150 Mark, T. L., & Parish, W. (2019). Opioid medication discontinuation and risk of adverse opioidrelated health care events. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 101(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.05.001 Slawek, D. E., Syed, M., Cunningham, C. O., Zhang, C., Ross, J., Herman, M., Sohler, N., Minami, H., Levin, F. R., Arnsten, J. H., & Starrels, J. L. (2022). Pain catastrophizing and mental health phenotypes in adults with refractory chronic pain: A latent class analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 145(1), 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.001 Townsend, T., Cerda, M., Bohnert, A., Legisetty, P., & Haffajee, R. L. (2021). CDC guideline for opioid prescribing associated with reduced dispensing to certain patients with chronic pain: Study examines the impact of CDC guidelines for opioid prescribing. Health Affairs, 40(11), 1766-1775. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00135

Write 1-2 paragraphs reflecting on your learning for the week. Guiding questions are provided or you may write about what you felt was most significant to you for the week.

• What do you most look forward to in your new role as an NP?
• What concerns do you have about transitioning to the role?
• Did anything about the APN roles surprise you?

Purpose

The purpose of this interactive discussion is to allow for a discovery of the clinical decision-making process that guides the appropriate clinical use of pharmacologic agents used in the treatment of acute disorders across the adult lifespan. The development of evidence-based prescribing practice supports the professional formation of the AGACNP practice role.

Activity Learning Outcomes

Through this discussion, the student will demonstrate the ability to:

1. Summarize the clinical utilization of pharmaceutical agents for specific diseases with rationale. (COs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
2. Evaluate alternative perspectives on clinical management of selected diseases with pharmaceutical agents and articulate a substantial rationale that supports further discussion and healthy debate. (COs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6)

Due Date

The initial response to the chosen discussion question is due by Wednesday 11:59 pm MT. Subsequent posts, including substantive responses to peer(s) and faculty questions, must occur by Sunday 11:59 pm MT. A total of 3 substantive posts are required on 3 different days.

A 10% late penalty will be imposed for initial discussions posted after the deadline on Wednesday at 11:59 pm MT, regardless of the number of days late. NOTHING will be accepted after 11:59 pm MT on Sunday (0 points are earned).

A 10% penalty will be imposed for not entering the minimum number of interactive dialogue posts (3) OR not posting on the minimum required number of days (3). NOTHING will be accepted after 11:59 pm MT on Sunday (0 points are earned).

Total Points Possible

This assignment is worth 100 points.

Preparing the Assignment

Follow these guidelines when completing each component of the assignment. Contact your course faculty if you have questions.

1. Answer the question that corresponds with the 1st letter of your last name only, do not respond to any other questions in your initial post (see table below).
2. Post your initial response to the discussion question by the due date.
3. Post substantial replies to peer and faculty by the due date.
4. Good writing calls for the limited use of direct quotes. Direct quotes in discussions are to be limited to one short quotation (not to exceed 15 words). The quote must add substantively to the discussion.

If your name begins with the letters…

Answer this question…

A-G

You are working in the Emergency Department and a 20-year-old female with history of intravenous drug abuse presents with concern of septic shock. What are the considerations in choosing the appropriate antibiotic for this patient? Explain your thought process, questions you would need to ask, and what antibiotic you would order, and when.

H-M

How does the empiric pharmacological therapy differ in a patient with healthcare-associated meningitis (such as a neurosurgical patient with an external ventricular drain) as compared to a healthy adult with community-acquired bacterial meningitis? Explain your rationale.

N-S

You are admitting a 78-year-old male smoker with hx of asthma into the intensive care unit for a diagnosis of hospital acquired pneumonia. He was admitted three weeks ago with pneumonia and discharged to home on azithromycin after a 2-day hospitalization. What antimicrobial treatment will you order on his ICU admission now? Explain your rationale.

T-Z

What would be the alternative empiric pharmacological therapy for a 50-year-old male with a history of anaphylaxis to cephalosporins? Explain your rationale.

**To see view the grading criteria/rubric, please click on the 3 dots in the box at the end of the solid gray bar above the discussion board title and then Show Rubric. 

Last name initial is P.

References can’t be no more than 5 years old, unless it’s a recent CPG.

 CASE SCENARIO

Severely underweight 12-year-old Hispanic girl with underweight parents who has been bullied in school just recently.

Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages):

· An explanation of the health issues and risks that are relevant to the child you were assigned.

· Describe additional information you would need in order to further assess his or her weight-related health.

· Identify and describe any risks and consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.

· Taking into account the parents’ and caregivers’ potential sensitivities, list at least three specific questions you would ask about the child to gather more information.

· Provide at least two strategies you could employ to encourage the parents or caregivers to be proactive about their child’s health and weight.