• Review the Resources and examine the Clark Healthy Workplace Inventory, found on page 20 of Clark (2015).

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a brief description of the results of your Work Environment Assessment. Based on the results, how civil is your workplace? 

RUA

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medication study guide

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medication study guide

RUA

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D6

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Include the following sections:

  1. Application of Course Knowledge: Answer all questions/criteria with explanations and detail.
    • Describe the disaster preparedness plan at your current or past workplace.  
    • Identify potential gaps or areas for improvement in disaster preparedness.  
    • How can you advocate for necessary changes?  
    • In what ways can you promote community engagement and resilience in disaster preparedness efforts in the broader community? 
  2. Professionalism in Communication: Communicate with minimal errors in English grammar, spelling, syntax, and punctuation.

Antipsychotic medication reply 2

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 The history of the discovery of the first antipsychotic medication is very interesting and marked a milestone in the history of medicine. In the 1950s, a patient was being treated surgically and was given chlorpromazine as a tranquilizer to induce anesthesia. The patient was showing symptoms of psychosis, with a history of maintaining positive symptoms, however, after coming out of anesthesia, it was noted that the individual remained free of hallucinations and delusions for several days. This is how the first-generation of antipsychotics were born. Four years later, Clozapine emerged with great benefits due to its few side effects and much less action on dopamine receptors. (Saloni Dattani & Roser, 2024)

But as more generations of antipsychotic medications emerged to treat disorders as complex as schizophrenia, we also had to deal and understand all the adverse side effects that accompany these medications. Some of these effects can be life-threatening. (9 Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medications, n.d.)

To begin, we must mention one of the most frightening side effects of antipsychotics, the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). It is a complex number of symptoms, such as motor, autonomic, shift in cognitive function, and fever.  Fever may be variable, low-grade or present as true hyperpyrexia.  NMS can lead to severe complications, such as muscle rupture, severe acute kidney failure and death. That’s why it’s important for the practitioner to be familiar with this type of side effect, know how to recognize it and how to intervene immediately. First, it is imperative to discontinue the medication that caused the side effect. The most often offending drugs are the dopamine receptor interrupters as haloperidol, fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, however, it may also happen with other antipsychotics as risperidone, olanzapine and clozapine. The provider should know that it is a true emergency, which sometimes requires cardiovascular and respiratory support.  It is crucial to curve the symptoms as soon as possible. Medications of choice to treat this horrific side effect are dantrolene or bromocriptine. The patient and authorized family should be educated by the provider about these possible side effects, whenever and wherever treatment with these medications begins. (Berman, 2021)

Other possible life threating side effect can be tardive dyskinesia (TD). It is a condition of repeated involuntary movements that can become irreversible and disabling for the individual with long-term use of antipsychotic medications. The most related medications to this disorders are older antipsychotics previously mentioned. It is important for the health care provider to know how to immediately recognize TD and treat it promptly. In most cases, the medication causing the side effect must be discontinued.

Role of Antipsychotic Medications Reply

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Role of Antipsychotic Medications  in the Management of Psychiatric Disorders

Antipsychotic medications are normally used to either diminish or alleviate symptoms of psychotic disorder. The most common symptoms include delusions and hallucinations. Antipsychotics are used as the standard therapy for schizophrenics (Chokhawala & Stevens, 2023). These drugs are also prescribed to individuals experiencing psychosis.  This is a widespread symptom in people suffering from bipolar disorder, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Antipsychotics are also used to stabilize moods in bipolar disorder patients, diminishing anxiety in people diagnosed with anxiety disorders and decreasing involuntary movements and sounds in Tourette’s (Chokhawala & Stevens, 2023). Antipsychotics can also be used to calm and eliminate bewilderment in a patient experiencing acute psychosis in numerous hours or days. However, four to six weeks of use may be required for the drugs to fully eliminate or alleviate this symptom. While antipsychotics help manage symptoms, they do not treat the condition causing those symptoms (Chokhawala & Stevens, 2023). Longer term use of antipsychotics can thwart further occurrences of psychotic disorder.  

There are normally two types of antipsychotics. They include typical and atypical. While they are effective in managing psychotic disorder, they also have some side effects. These adverse effects are attributed to dopamine D2 receptor antagonism, a major property of antipsychotics (Chokhawala & Stevens, 2023). Managing these side effects is recommended for ensuring the safety of users as well as the efficiency of the medications. Comprehending the prevalent adverse effects associated with these dopamine antagonists is vital as these drugs tend to trigger specific side effects which might not be caused by novel alternatives (Chokhawala & Stevens, 2023).  

Side-Effects

The first category of side effects caused by typical antipsychotics is extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS). They are also called drug-induced movements. They are the characteristic of typical antipsychotic medications. There are four ways through which these movements display. EPS first manifest as an acute dystonic reaction. This is typified by spontaneous muscle contractions, which are normally experienced in the upper and lower limbs, face, neck, tummy, pelvic area, or voice box (Schneider-Thoma et al., 2021). The movements occur in either continued or sporadic patterns, which cause uncharacteristic movements or postures. The movements also display as parkinsonism. This is a clinical disorder typified by the four movement-related symptoms mostly evidenced in patients with Parkinson’s disease (Schneider-Thoma et al., 2021). They include tremor, slowed movements, inflexibility, and difficulty maintaining balance. Akathisia is typified by the patient’s inability to remain calm and an incapability to sit motionless (Schneider-Thoma et al., 2021). Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is yet another movement-related side effect. This entails spontaneous, recurring movements, normally occurring on the face, the tongue, and appendages. The condition could be irrevocable.

Antipsychotic medications

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 Antipsychotic medications play a crucial role in managing psychiatric disorders, particularly Schizophrenia. However, understanding their adverse effects is essential for safe and effective patient care. Explores the common adverse effects associated with typical antipsychotics, emphasizing the importance of monitoring, patient education, and individualized treatment approaches. 

 

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Promoting Secure Attachment in Nursing Practice reply 2

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Promoting Secure Attachment in Nursing Practice

Attachment theory explains emotional bonds between parents and children. Secure attachment is essential for healthy development and relationships. Nurses help parents promote emotional closeness and responsiveness. Key behaviors include physical contact and eye-to-eye interaction. These actions foster trust and security in children. Nurses teach parents to respond to infant cues quickly. This support enhances the parent-child connection over time. Encouraging consistent caregiving behaviors improves attachment outcomes (Bowlby, 2020). Nurses play a vital role in guiding these practices.

Nurses promote sensitive responsiveness during parent-child interactions. Sensitivity means noticing and understanding infant signals. Parents must respond consistently and appropriately to build trust. Babies feel safe when needs are met quickly. This leads to confidence and reduced anxiety. Nurses model appropriate responses for parents to observe. They explain why fast responses improve bonding and trust. Sensitivity strengthens emotional regulation in children. Emotional security supports overall development and well-being (Cassidy et al., 2020). Nurses help families practice this important behavior regularly.

Encouraging skin-to-skin contact helps build strong attachment bonds. Nurses support this practice soon after birth. Skin-to-skin contact calms both the parent and baby. It helps regulate the infant’s body temperature and heart rate. Physical closeness encourages oxytocin production in both parties. Oxytocin strengthens emotional connections and attachment. Nurses guide parents on how to hold infants correctly. They provide reassurance when parents feel unsure. This contact promotes bonding during crucial early stages (Flaherty & Sadler, 2021). It is a simple but powerful nursing intervention.

Routine and consistency in caregiving are vital for attachment. Children thrive in predictable, safe environments. Nurses educate parents about creating daily routines. Routines include feeding, bathing, and sleeping schedules. Consistent care teaches children that parents are dependable. It reduces fear and increases confidence in relationships. Nurses assist parents in developing practical care schedules. They also support flexibility when changes are needed. Consistency lays the foundation for trust and security (Cassidy et al., 2020). Nursing interventions help reinforce this principle at home.

Nurses encourage verbal and non-verbal communication with infants. Talking to infants promotes language and emotional growth. Eye contact and smiling support mutual recognition and bonding. Babies learn to communicate through parental interaction. Parents should be attentive and emotionally present. Nurses demonstrate ways to engage infants during care. They emphasize the value of soft, responsive tones. Expressive communication builds closeness and emotional safety. It also helps infants understand emotions (Flaherty & Sadler, 2021). Nurses teach this as an essential caregiving skill.

Parental mental health affects attachment formation significantly. Anxiety or depression can disrupt responsiveness and bonding. Nurses screen parents for mental health concerns regularly. Early support reduces risks to child-parent attachment. Providing emotional support improves caregiving quality. Nurses refer struggling parents to mental health resources. They also follow up to ensure continued care. Encouraging self-care strengthens the parent’s emotional presence. Healthy parents form stronger bonds with their children (Bowlby, 2020). Mental health support is essential in nursing care.

Teaching reflective parenting improves attachment behavior. Reflection involves thinking about the child’s feelings and needs. It helps parents respond with empathy and understanding. Nurses guide parents in interpreting infant behavior. Reflection builds emotional awareness and responsive interactions. It improves parent confidence and caregiving quality. Nurses offer questions that promote parental reflection. They model thoughtful responses to child behavior. This method supports secure, trusting attachment (Cassidy et al., 2020). Reflective parenting is a valuable nursing strategy.

Create a Reply for a Discussion using APA 7 format, and scholarly references no older than 5 years.

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An application of attachment theory in nursing practice to promote healthy attachment

Attachment theory, first proposed by John Bowlby, continues to be the primary paradigm for studying early childhood development and relationship between caregivers. Many researchers moved to investigate the impact of secure attachment on health, and clinical practice started with an emphasis on the importance of achieving secure attachment (Schore, 2012a; Schonkoff et al., 2000), especially as clinicians such as nurses are uniquely positioned to impact parent-child bonding during these critical periods. Nurses may help facilitate secure attachment (Granqvist et al., 2020) among parents by eliciting behaviors such as emotional responsiveness, physical closeness, consistent caregiving, and reflective attunement—all of which provide the opportunity for optimal emotional and neurological development in infants.
Centreing responsive caregiving is key to fostering secure attachment. When caregivers respond in a timely way to a baby’s cues — feeding when hungry, soothing when distressed — it fosters trust and security. Nurses can educate and coach parents on how to identify and respond to their infant’s nonverbal cues in order support parents to become more attuned to their child’s needs (Cooijmans et al., 2021). This attunement not only enhances infant emotional regulation but also deepens the dyadic bond between parent and child.
Another behavior that promotes attachment is encouraging positive physical interaction. Physical touch (skin-to-skin contact), soft touch and steady holding stimulate oxytocin levels and pave the way for neurobiological pathways connected with trust and bonding (Hardin et al., 2020). Nurses also can model and demonstrate practices such as kangaroo care, particularly in the neonatal or postpartum setting, to facilitate physiological and emotional synchrony between parent and child.
Being consistent and flexible in his caregiving routines also helps him develop secure attachment pattern. When infants are exposed to predictable, structured care — regular schedules of feeding and sleep, for example — they feel safe, and they learn to trust that their caregiver will be there when needed. The provision of routine (predictable) time with emotional security can be developed and enhanced by nurses working with parents (McKelvey et al., 2021).

Furthermore, the development of emotional attunement—the tuned-in caregiver who reflects and validates the child’s emotional experience—is important, too. More specific strategies, such as reflective question asking and emotional coaching, allow nurses to teach parents to recognize their infant’s emotional states, as well as how to respond to them in a way that is appropriate to their developmental stage. Such emotional validation aids the cultivation of emotional intelligence and guides the infant in learning how to manage stress (Ensink et al., 2021).
Lastly, promoting parental mental health is essential for healthy attachment. The sensitivity and responsiveness needed as a parent can be impaired by parental depression, anxiety, and stress. Nurses should screen for risk factors and refer moms to the appropriate psychological or community resources as indicated (Zajicek-Farber et al., 2022). So addressing these barriers also makes sure that we are emotionally available, where the caregiver is emotionally available — and that a secure attachment can form between the caregiver and the child.
Overall, nurses can encourage families to promote secure attachment by modelling and promoting responsive caregiving, physical closeness, routine, emotional attunement and mental health support. These science-based practice strategies are based on current attachment research and can improve life trajectory for both parents and children.

References

Cooijmans, K. H., Beijers, R., Rovers, A. C., & de Weerth, C. (2021). Maternal prenatal anxiety and infant behavior: The mediating role of maternal postpartum sensitivity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(1), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01823-5

Ensink, K., Normandin, L., & Fonagy, P. (2021). Parental reflective functioning and its association with parenting behaviors in infancy and early childhood: A meta-analytic review. Attachment & Human Development, 23(5), 479–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1840760

Granqvist, P., Forslund, T., Fransson, M., Springer, L., Duschinsky, R., & Sroufe, L. A. (2020). Disorganized attachment in infancy: A review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers. Attachment & Human Development, 22(3), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1589055

Hardin, H. K., Jones, K. D., & Muddana, A. (2020). Promoting parent-infant bonding and attachment in the NICU: Evidence-based interventions. Advances in Neonatal Care, 20(1), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANC.0000000000000662

McKelvey, L., Edge, N., Mesman, G. R., Whiteside-Mansell, L., & Bradley, R. H. (2021). Adverse experiences in infancy and toddlerhood: Relations to parenting and attachment security. Child Abuse & Neglect, 111, 104772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104772

Zajicek-Farber, M. L., Mayer, L. M., & Kaufman, R. L. (2022). Integrating maternal mental health and infant attachment: A clinical model for early intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal, 43(2), 243–261. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21967