Discussions board 2

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APA format 7th edition

Minimum of one paragraph per question

Total of 3 questions

Wk3 adv pathay

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In this exercise, you will complete a MindMap to gauge your understanding of this week’s content. Select one of the possible topics provided to complete your MindMap.

  • myocardial infarction
  • congenital heart disease (may select ASD, VSD, or PDA)
  • peripheral arterial disease
  • peripheral vascular disease
  • valvular heart disease
  • cardiomyopathy (may select dilated, hypertrophic, or restricted)
  • atherosclerosis
  • aortic aneurysm
  • deep vein thrombosis
  • hypertension
  • heart failure

Correction- Analyzing a Current Healthcare Problem or Issue

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Correction- pay particular attention to criterion 5 as it was not addressed in this submission. You want to demonstrate for the reader how your chosen solution relates to one or more of the four spheres of care. Kindly address the screenshots, add the correction to the uploaded work and highlight the correction in yellow.

Lesson 1 and 2 Discussions

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During the student nurses’ first lecture in their
community health nursing course, the specialty of
community health was reviewed historically with
students. The students received information about the
contributions of selected nursing leaders
throughout history to the advancement of community
health nursing. Societal influences on the development
and practice of community health nursing were
included in the lecture. At the end of the lecture,
students were requested to prepare a one-page
summary about the lecture that included answers to
several questions.
1. The specialty of community health nursing
developed historically through four stages.
What was the major advancement for
community health nursing in each of the four
stages?
2. How does current nursing practice compare
with nursing practice at different points in
history? How has historical nursing practice
influenced current nursing practice?
3. What are examples of the academic and
advanced professional preparation of
community health nursing?

  1. Answers must:
    • Be 100 words or more
    • Use the standard English grammar and spelling
    • References are cited (if necessary)

Observational Study Designs

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Clinical Journal 2

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Healthy People 2030 objectives are organized into intuitive topics so you can easily find the information and data you’re looking for. Pick a topic you’re interested in and explore the related objectives. Some Healthy People 2030 objectives are also Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) a subset of high-priority objectives that cover the life span. Browse Healthy People 2030 LHIsLinks to an external site.

https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/leading-health-indicators

1. Select and list one indicator of your choice.

2.Explain why you chose that indicator. Describe the steps a BSN prepared nurse can take to help achieve that indicator by the year 2030.

Answer should be at least two paragraphs, double spaced. APA format 7th edition.

Literature Evaluation Table

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NR week 2 Reply to Peer 2

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The Significance of Composition and Size in Sampling

     Sampling is a fundamental aspect of research that directly affects the validity, reliability, and generalizability of study findings. The composition and size of a sample influence how well a study represents the target population, impacting the accuracy and applicability of results. The composition of a sample refers to the characteristics of the participants included in a study, such as demographic factors, health status, and socioeconomic background. Ensuring that a sample reflects the target population is critical for producing meaningful results. If a sample lacks diversity or does not represent the population accurately, it can introduce bias, limiting the study’s external validity (Taherdoost, 2016). Additionally, sampling methods also play a role in study outcomes. Probability sampling, such as simple random sampling or stratified sampling, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the broader population, reducing selection bias (Etikan & Bala, 2017). In contrast, non-probability sampling methods, such as convenience or purposive sampling, may introduce bias but are often used when studying specific populations or when resources are limited. For example, in qualitative nursing research exploring the lived experiences of patients with chronic pain, purposive sampling would be appropriate to select participants who meet specific inclusion criteria.

Sample Size and Its Effects on Study Outcomes

      Sample size directly impacts the study’s statistical power and the reliability of its findings. A larger sample size increases the likelihood of detecting true differences within a study, reducing the risk of Type II errors (Bujang, 2022). In contrast, a small sample size can lead to unstable estimates and limit the study’s generalizability. Researchers often use power analysis to determine the appropriate sample size for quantitative studies to ensure statistical significance while avoiding unnecessary resource expenditure (Kang, 2021). Regarding qualitative research, a sample size is determined by data saturation, meaning that researchers continue collecting data until no new themes or insights emerge. While qualitative studies typically require smaller sample sizes, researchers must ensure they include diverse perspectives to enhance the credibility of findings (Hennink & Kaiser, 2022).

      In conclusion, both the composition and size of a sample significantly influence the reliability and applicability of research findings. A well-composed sample improves external validity by accurately representing the target population, while an appropriately sized sample ensures sufficient statistical power. By carefully selecting both sample composition and size, researchers can enhance the quality of nursing research and contribute to evidence-based practice that improves patient care.

References

Bujang, M. A., Sa’at, N., Tg Abu Bakar Sidik, T. M. I., & Chien Joo, L. (2018). Sample Size Guidelines for Logistic Regression from Observational Studies with Large Population: Emphasis on the Accuracy Between Statistics and Parameters Based on Real Life Clinical Data. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(4), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.4.12

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Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and Sampling Methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149

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Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample Sizes for Saturation in Qualitative Research: a Systematic Review of Empirical Tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523

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Kang, H. (2021). Sample Size Determination and Power Analysis Using the G*Power Software. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18(17), 17. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17

Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205035

NursingResearchT1Q2

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The first step of the evidence-based practice process is to evaluate a nursing practice environment to identify a nursing problem in the clinical area. When a nursing problem is discovered, the nurse researcher develops a clinical guiding question to address that nursing practice problem.

For this discussion question, you will create a clinical guiding question known as a PICOT question. The PICOT question must be relevant to a nursing practice problem (coordination of health care, assessment, education, patient support, trauma prevention, recovery, health screenings, etc.).

After reviewing the relevant topic materials:

  1. Select a nursing practice problem of interest.
  2. Develop a PICOT question using the template and example provided below.
  3. Identify two articles, one qualitative and one quantitative, related to the problem of interest. Provide an APA-formatted reference for each article, and explain how each relates to your PICOT question. Be sure to identify which article is qualitative and which article is quantitative. These articles may be used in this week’s assignment.

PICOT question intervention format:

In_______________(Population), how does _______________ (Intervention) compared to _______________ (Comparison) affect _______________ (Outcome) within______________(Time, optional)?

Example: In critically ill patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (P), how do daily 2% chlorhexidine cloth baths (I) compared to daily disposable non-antimicrobial cloth baths (C) affect the incidence of health care-associated infections (HAIs) (O)?

Initial discussion question posts should be a minimum of 200 words and include at least two references cited using APA format.

NR week 2 Reply to Peer 1

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The significance of composition and size of the sampling to be studied correlates to the size of the study and the representativeness of such study. The study size must be ethical and must be clearly stated. The protection of the participants must be outlined and detailed to protect its participants. Composition and size both are crucial to the research study to one is intended to present. Composition refers to the population being studied and its characteristics in contrast to the size which refers to the sample being researched and evaluated. Both composition and size play an important role in the research when producing a good outcome.

           The sample size for a study needs to be estimated at the time the study is proposed; too large a sample is unnecessary and unethical, and too small a sample is unscientific and unethical (Andrade, 2020). Studies in populations need to be done in sample sizing due to the inability to study a population as a whole, thus sampling sizing will provide a more accurate study. The necessary sample size can be calculated, using statistical software, based on certain assumptions. If no assumptions can be made, then an arbitrary sample size is set for a pilot study (Andrade, 2020). An appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall generalizability of the study findings (Ahmed, 2024).

           In conclusion when choosing a composition and a sampling size for research it is imperative that it is done in an ethical manner, the sample size must take into consideration as well as the population and effect size, statistical power and confidence level must be present allowing room for error. Precise calculation of sample size is an important step in such research, knowing the factors affecting the study will also play an important part in the research. Sample size calculations require assumptions about expected means and standard deviations, or event risks, in different groups; or, upon expected effect sizes (Andrade, 2020).

References

Andrade C. (2020). Sample Size and its Importance in Research. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 42(1), 102–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_504_19

Bishop D. V. M. (2021). Using multiple outcomes in intervention studies: improving power while controlling type I errors. F1000Research, 10, 991. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73520.3

Buchholz, B.S.M.P.M.S. W. (2021). Research for Advanced Practice Nurses (4th ed.). Springer Publishing LLC. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/9780826151339

Sirwan Khalid Ahmed (2024). How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers, Oral Oncology Reports, Volume 12,100662, ISSN 2772-9060, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662.