The case study I was presented was “An 83-year-old resident of a skilled nursing facility presents to the emergency department with generalized edema of extremities and abdomen. History obtained from staff reveals the patient has a history of malabsorption syndrome and difficulty eating due to lack of dentures. The patient has been diagnosed with protein malnutrition”. 

When looking into protein malnutrition, protein energy-malnutrition is the most commonly seen terminology, or PEM, that is the result of starvation (with or without catabolic stress). PEM is considered a disease and is the result of chronic inadequate protein or energy intake not meeting the body’s needed intake of nutrients. In some cases, the loss of fat is reduced due to a slowed energy use accomplished by decreasing the metabolism and instead using the body’s storage of lean protein. Typically, the majority of the protein is released from muscle tissues and the kidneys, blood, immune cells, GI tract and liver are spared for the most part. In cases where the ration of energy and protein are not obsolete, the body can adapt to the environment by decreasing the energy and protein needed to sustain homeostasis. PEM results in “a lowered metabolic rate and reduced muscle mass (including reduced cardiac and respiratory muscle mass); its clinical consequences include muscle weakness and functional disability, reduced cardiac and respiratory capacity, mild hypothermia and a reduced body protein reserve” (Hoffer, 2001). In PEM, the extracellular fluid also shifts and can cause generalized edema. 

In consideration of protein malnutrition, there are two conditions that come up in various articles, Kwashiorkor and marasmus. “Kwashiorkor is predominantly a protein deficiency, while marasmus is a deficiency of all macronutrients — protein, carbohydrates and fats. People with marasmus are deprived of calories in general, either because they’re eating too little or expending too many, or both. People with kwashiorkor may not be deprived of calories in general but are deprived of protein-rich foods” (C.C. Medical, n.d.). In this case study, though the primary diagnoses is protein malnutrition, marasmus may be more fitting and in align with the physiologic problems this patient is facing. “For older adults, adverse health outcomes associated with malnutrition can often be more complex and disproportionally worse than outcomes associated with overweight or obesity. Malnutrition in older adults can lead to weight loss. Functional recovery from this weight loss is unlikely to occur due to the loss of skeletal muscle mass, even with full nutritional support” (Dent et. al, 2023).  “Marasmus is equally distributed between the genders, however, as a result of cultural differences in some parts of the world women may be at an increased risk of marasmus” (NCBI, 2023).

• Respectfully agree or disagree with your colleague’s assessment and
• Explain your reasoning. In your explanation, include why their explanations make physiological sense or why they do not. Support each of your replies with at least 0ne citation and reference.

Instructions

In small groups, students will develop a visual communication project—an infographic—in which they use an image(s) to create a message that meaningfully informs or persuades an audience. The infographic should be like a poster you might see on the wall in a doctor’s office, containing a variety of types of information on a topic.  The topic does not need to be restricted to healthcare.  Be sure to follow APA throughout, treat all copyrighted images as research sources, and cite appropriately. Be sure to address all rubric criteria.

Required Format and Process

This assignment has two parts: 1) in groups, students will create an infographic (an image or a collection of images combined with text for the purpose of making a statement, illustrating a concept, or describing a process); students should decide early if they are aiming to inform or persuade, and research must inform the project; 2) the group will incorporate appropriate language to support the message to complete their infographic.

Example: To complete this assignment, each group  will: 1) choose a focus and goal (to either inform or persuade); 2) decide on the approach (illustrate process or make an impact); 3) select or create appropriate image(s); 4) conduct relevant research; 5) incorporate appropriate text to support the overall message in a well-designed infographic. Note: any online image must be cited just as text would (groups are free to create their own images for the infographic by using their own creative means, such as photography, drawing, etc.).

Assignment Support

Be sure to check out the Visual Communication Assignment Support documentOpen this document with ReadSpeaker docReaderLinks to an external site., as it provides samples and tips for creating infographics for you to consider.

(USLO 8.2)

Discuss how you intend to implement your evidence-based findings. What are your anticipated challenges? How do you intend to overcome some of those challenges?

Expectations

Initial Post:

• use US sources and topic is nurse retention 
• Length: A minimum of 250 words, not including references
• Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years

Hello, this work is on Advanced Pathophysiology, it must have a minimum of 300 words and a bibliographic reference. The bibliography used on the topic is McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: the biological basis of diseases in adults and children. But you can use another one in addition to this one.

1. Which form of cellular adaptation occurs because of decreased work demands on the cell? Explain your answer.

A. Hypertrophy

B. Hyperplasia

C. Atrophy

D. Metaplasia